ABSTRACT
Background: Balance is defined as the ability to maintain a position within the limits of stability or base of support. It is indicated that postural control system plays an important role in maintenance of balance on the small support base. The complexity of balancing processes makes it challenging to assess balancing abilities in a concise, holistic approach. This study extends previous efforts by reviewing a large number of papers that use of various mechanical tools to assess postural balance and by providing a detailed overview of the common mechanical tools used to assess postural balance and gait. Methods: We searched the electronic database. The literature search produced a total of 302 items. After removal of duplicates, posters, other studies not mention mechanical tools to evaluate static and dynamic balance in clinical conditions, 28 papers met the inclusion criteria for this review. Results: This search selected 7 tools to assess trunk control in various clinical conditions: Inertial balance sensor, Computerised dynamic posturography, Biodex Balance System, Force plate., MatScan® pressure mat, Microsoft Kinect’s built-in RGB-D sensor and Clinical Test of sensory integration using Chinese lantern. Conclusion: Inertial as well as Microsoft Kinect’s built-in RGB-D sensors are cost effective, time effective, does not need a specific set up, analysis static balance as well as the gait parameters. This can therefore be chosen over other mechanical tools due to its better convenience and efficiency.
ABSTRACT
Action research arm test has been used widely clinically for the assessment of upper extremity function post stroke and in various other conditions. Measurement of recovery after stroke is becoming increasingly important with the advent of new treatment options under investigation in stroke rehabilitation research. The Action Research Arm Test scale was developed as the first quantitative evaluative instrument for measuring motor stroke recovery, based on a upper extremity test by Lyle. It is a well-designed, feasible and efficient clinical examination method that has been tested widely in the stroke population. Excellent interrater and intrarater reliability and construct validity have been demonstrated. Limitations of the motor domain include a ceiling effect. Further study should test performance of this scale in specific subgroups of stroke patients and better define its criterion validity, sensitivity to change, and minimal clinically important difference. Based on the available evidence, the Action Research Arm Test is recommended highly as a clinical and research tool for evaluating changes in motor impairment following stroke.
ABSTRACT
Background: Evidence suggests yoga is a safe and effective intervention for the management of physical and psychosocial symptoms associated with neurological conditions. However, heterogeneity in the components and reporting of clinical yoga trials impedes both the generalization of study results and the replication of study protocols. The aim of this Delphi survey was to address these issues of heterogeneity, by developing a list of recommendations of key components for the design and reporting of yoga interventions for neurological conditions. Methods: Recognized experts involved in the design, conduct, and teaching of yoga for neurological conditions were identified, and invited to contribute to the Delphi survey. 12 of the 38 experts contacted agreed to participate. Round 1 presented an open-ended question, allowing panelists to individually identify components they considered key to the design and reporting of yoga interventions for neurological conditions. Results: Twelve panelists completed the one round of the Delphi survey. Panelists provided 35 comments to the Round 1 question. These comments were then reduced to 13 items such as breathing exercises, posture, cognition, meditation, balance, etc. Conclusions: Expert have provided a non-prescriptive reference list for the design and reporting of yoga interventions for neurological conditions. It is anticipated that future research incorporating the Delphi guidelines will facilitate high quality international research in this field, increase homogeneity of intervention components and parameters, and enhance the comparison and reproducibility of research into the use of yoga for the management of neurological conditions.
ABSTRACT
Background: Spinal cord injuries are greatly disabling and deadly injuries. At present, there is little information regarding the risk factors for complete injuries. This study aims to describe the demographics and the injury characteristics for traumatic and non-traumatic spinal cord injuries and to explore the risk factors for complete spinal cord injuries. Methods: A retrospective study was performed by reviewing the medical records of 30 patients with spinal cord injuries who were admitted to the hospitals in Ahmednagar, India from 2016-2018. Variables included gender, age, marital status, etiology, occupation, level of injury, and severity of injury, associated complaints, complications and treatment. Results: The proportion of patients increased from 30% to 36.66% from 2016 to 2018. The male-to female ratio was 5:1. The major cause of spinal cord injuries was traffic accidents (36.66%). Many of the injured were skilled workers (36.66%), semi-skilled (20%), and students (23.33%); these occupations accounted for 79.99% of the total sample. Cervical 13(33.33%) and lumbar 16(43.33%) spinal levels were the most affected. The most documented complications were pressure ulcers 11(36.66%) and urinary tract infection 02(6.66%). Conclusion: The proportion of males was higher than the proportion of females. Skilled workers, semi-skilled workers and the students comprised the high-risk occupational categories. Male gender, having a spinal fracture, having a thoracic injury, and having complications were the major risk factors for a complete injury. We recommend that preventive measures should focus on high-risk populations, such as young males.
ABSTRACT
Aims:-To providea comprehensiveinformationaboutanalysisof activationof variousmuscles during Sit-to-Standinpatientswithstroke.Todetermineifthereexistsanycommonpatternof muscleactivation.Togivedirectiontofuturestudiesregarding themusclestobeinvestigated during Sit-to-Stand. Methods-A literature search was performed with help of the most commonlyuseddatabasei.e.PubMedtoselectthestudiesrelatedtoelectro-myographicactivities ofvariouslowerextremity,trunkandupperextremity musclesduringSit-to-Standactivity, publishedtill2016.TheInclusioncriteriaforthestudy wereProspectiveorretrospectivecohort studies,studiesthatincludedonly participantswithstrokeleadingtohemiparesisand/oralong withhealthy participants ascontrolgroupandstudiesthatmeasuredtheEMGactivity ineither trunkmusclesand/orlimbmusclesduring sittostand.Theexclusion criteriawere iftheir populationofinterestalsoincludedpatientswith otherneurologicalconditionsandstudiesinany language other than English.Twoindependentinvestigatorsassessedthe studiesbasedon inclu-sion and exclusion criteria. Keywordsused duringthesearch wereElectromyography, Stroke,Sit-to-Stand.Thestudieswerethoroughly evaluatedwithrespecttotheSit-to-Stand procedureandvariety ofmusclesthatwereinvestigatedthroughEMGanalysis. Results: Withthe helpof givenkeywords,abstracts/articlesof 21studieswereretrievedfromthedatabase.After initial screening oftheabstracts12studieswereselectedforindepthanalysis.Variouslowerextremity musclesincludingTibialisAnterior,Soleus,Quadriceps,Vastusmedialis,GluteusMaximus were investigatedinthe studies.In2studies,Trunkmuscleswereinvestigatedwhereasinone study Tricepsmuscleactivity wasanalyzedduring Sit-toStandactivity inpatientswith stroke. Conclusion:Fromthisstudy itcanbecon-cludedthattheactivityofTibialisAnterior musclewasinvestigatedmorefrequentlybyvariousresearchersfollowedbytheactivityof Soleus and Quadriceps muscle.
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Background:This study was to measure the upper extremity performance time on Nine Hole Peg Test (NHPT) in two different sitting orientations relative to vertical plane. Aim:To find out the influence of sitting orientation on upper extremity motor function using NHPT. Methods:100 children with the mean age 11year (53 male, 47 female) partici-pated in the study. Children were selected according to inclusion and exclusion criteria. Age groups were re-established for data representation purposes as: 5-7, 8-10, 11-13, 14-16. Each one was briefly interviewed prior to the test, procedure explained and statistical analysis was done for the final results. Results: Gender wise relation revealed non-significant difference in performance time on NHPT in 900 upright and 150 anterior sitting orientation. Performance time on NHPT with dominant and non-dominant hand in 900 upright & 150anterior sitting orientation shows significant difference. The mean performance time with dominant hand on NHPT was slightly lesser in 150anterior sitting orientation than 900upright orientations. According to age wise distribution the performance time on NHPT reveals that as the age increases the performance time decreases from 5-11 year. The performance time be-comes constant from 11-16 years of age. Conclusion:Result of this study suggest that trunk orientation does not affect upper extremity performance on NHPT. As it implies that 150anterior trunk orientation is equivalent to upright sitting orientation. Hence both the trunk orientation can be used to train patients for upper extremity hand function.
ABSTRACT
Background: Children with movement skill difficulties that have not been diagnosed with a general medical condition. This difficulty in motor skill competence, observed in children who are developing well intellectually, is termed ‘developmental coordination disorder’ (DCD). DCD is a highly prevalent disorder (5-6% of school-aged children) so it is likely that there is at least one child with DCD in most classrooms. The early diagnosis of DCD can be helpful to prevent the future secondary complications. Aim: So purpose of this study is to find out age wise prevalence DCD in school going children in West India. Materials and methods: It was a cross-sectional analytical study conducted in PCMC area schools Multistage stratified sampling done to assessing 516 children’s by Using The Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency, Second Edition (BOT-2). Statistical analysis used was Mean and Standard Deviation (SD) and Chi-square test was used to analysis. Results: Age 8 and 9 year showed highest prevalence of DCD (3.16%). This difference in various age group was not statically significant as P=0.219 by chi-square test. Conclusion: Age 8 and 9 year showed more prevalence of Developmental coordination disorder than other age.
ABSTRACT
Background : To evaluate the effect treatment on mobility various studies have used. But responsiveness of Rivermaid mobility Index has found to be poor as items are scored on a dichotomous (yes/no) basis. MRMI is a modified version of RMI to increase the responsiveness of the measure which is not studied in depth by many studies. Objective: The objective of this study was to investigate in detail interrater reliability ,validity & responsivenss of Modified Rivermaid Mobility Index. Methodology : Patients fulfilling the inclusion criteria were assessed with the help of RMI , MRMI & STREAM at three different occasions i.e. on15th,30th& 90thday to study validity & responsiveness. For studying interrater reliability three measures were assessed by two physical therapists blinded to the results of each other. Results: The 3 mobility measures were highly responsive in detecting changes before 90 days after stroke onset (14 to 30 days, SRM BORDER="0">1.14; 30 to 90 days, SRM0.83;) The medians of the weighted statistic for each item of RMI, MRMI, and STREAM were 0.81 (range, 0.37 to 0.94), 0.83(range, 0.47 to 0.9), and 0.89 (range, 0.55 to 0.89), respectively, indicating generally acceptable interrater agreement on the item level. Conclusion: It is concluded that MRMI is a valid ,reliable & sensitive measure as compared to RMI.